[104] Despite the victory at the Battle of Racławice, his ultimate defeat ended Poland's independent existence for 123 years. [105] In 1806, an insurrection organised by Jan Henryk Dąbrowski liberated western Poland ahead of Napoleon's advance into Prussia during the War of the Fourth Coalition. In accordance with the 1807 Treaty of Tilsit, Napoleon proclaimed the Duchy of Warsaw, a client state ruled by his ally Frederick Augustus I of Saxony. The Poles actively aided French troops in the Napoleonic Wars, particularly those under Józef Poniatowski who became Marshal of France shortly before his death at Leipzig in 1813.
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87–211, ISBN 978-963-9241-40-4 ^ Ożóg, Krzysztof (2009). The Role of Poland in the Intellectual Development of Europe in the Middle Ages. Kraków: Societas Vistulana. p. 7. ISBN 978-83-61033-36-3. ^ Urbańczyk, Przemysław (2017). Bolesław Chrobry – lew ryczący (in Polish). Toruń: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika.
"Constant, Sismondi et la Pologne". Annales Benjamin Constant. 46: 65–85. ^ Schulz-Forberg, Hagen (2005). Unravelling Civilisation: European Travel and Travel Writing. Peter Lang. p. 162. ISBN 9052012350. ^ a b Storozynski, Alex (2009). The Peasant Prince: Thaddeus Kosciuszko and the Age of Revolution (Google Books). New York: St.
[263] In 2019, Poland passed a law that would exempt workers under the age of 26 from income tax. [264] Tourism Poland experienced a significant increase in the number of tourists after joining the European Union in 2004. [265][266] With nearly 21 million international arrivals in 2019, tourism contributes considerably to the overall economy and makes up a relatively large proportion of the country's service market. [267][268] Tourist attractions in Poland vary, from the mountains in the south to the sandy beaches in the north, with a trail of nearly every architectural style.
Warsaw: PW "Wiedza Poweszechna". pp. 170, 217–218. ^ Scott 2015, p. 409 ^ a b Scott 2015, pp. 409–413 ^ Scott 2015, p. 411 ^ Scott 2015, pp. 409–412, 666 ^ Butterwick 2021, p. 88 ^ Butterwick 2021, pp. 83–88 ^ Butterwick 2021, pp. 89–91 ^ Butterwick 2021, pp. 108–109 ^ Butterwick 2021, pp. 108–116 ^ Józef Andrzej Gierowski – Historia Polski 1764–1864 [History of Poland 1764–1864], Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe (Polish Scientific Publishers PWN), Warszawa 1986, ISBN 978-83-01-03732-1, pp. 1–74 ^ Ted Tapper; David Palfreyman (2005). Understanding Mass Higher Education: Comparative Perspectives On Access.
Poland: The First Thousand Years. pp. 21–22. ISBN 9781501757402. ^ Ramet, Sabrina (2017). The Catholic Church in Polish History. From 966 to the Present. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-137-40281-3. ^ a b c Curta, Florin; Holt, Andrew (2016). Great Events in Religion. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. pp. 468, 480–481.
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